UNIT 9, Studia Filologia angielska, Gramatyka (Grammar)

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UNIT 9
The mind’s eye
Speaking
1)
1 Close your eyes and try to recall in detail the events of the last dream you can remember. Why
do you remember it? Have you ever had a similar dream before? How did it make you feel?
2
Work with a partner. Can you identify some typical features of dreams? For example:
• The events don’t follow any logical sequence.
• You can do things that you can’t do in real life.
2)
Now discuss the following general statements about dreams. Which ones do you agree/disagree
with? Can you give examples to support any of the statements?
‘Dreams are just random thoughts and memories which don’t have any special meaning.’
‘Our dreams are symbolic – the things we dream about have special meanings which can be interpreted.’
‘When we dream, our unconscious mind is, working out the day’s unresolved problems.’
Reading
In the vocabulary and reading questions in Paper 1 and comprehension questions in Paper 3, Part 5,
you have to show how the effect of the text depends on the writerÓs use of language and also deal
with vocabulary that may be unfamiliar to you. The following exercises will help you with these skills.
1)
The following text is an extract from a novel, and describes a dream and how it affected the
dreamer. Read the text carefully to find out what happened in the dream.
The dream came to her again, but this time it was different. Cassie no longer tried to run, allowed herself
instead to drift, as though carried by some invisible, intangible force towards Tan’s Hill.
The woman waited, blue dress swirling around her, arms outstretched as if welcoming her. Cassie
turned from the Greenway and began to climb the hill. This time she didn’t fight to reach the top. She seemed
able, by sheer force of will, to rise easily and effortlessly up the slope. In her head, she could hear a voice
calling to her. ‘Cassie! Caa-ssie!’
For an instant Cassie tried to hurry, felt the resistance return and forced herself to relax, to give in to the
strange current drifting her slowly towards her destination. She could see the woman clearly now, though she
stood with her back to Cassie, face turned away. Cassie approached, reached out towards her. ‘I’m here.’ The
woman turned, outstretched arms ready to embrace, fingers extended as though she couldn’t move from that
sport, couldn’t quite reach out far enough to draw Cassie to her.
‘Cassie …’ The voice was soft, whispering inside her head. Cassie reached out again, longing to touch,
to make that last effort to contact, but her feet seemed to be sliding backwards. Looking down, she saw her
body, her legs being extended, stretched, as though something were pulling her down from the hill, but her will
to be there kept her hands reaching, her upper body still and untouched. For a moment, Cassie found herself
examining this strange phenomenon. Some part of herself knew she was dreaming, wondered which particular
cartoon this ridiculous effect was from. Some other part of her mind railed against the distraction it offered,
ordered her to look back at this strange woman, reach out that little bit further, hold tight.
A slight gasp made her turn. She stared horrified as the woman, mouth open now in some parody of a
scream, hands thrown abruptly above her head, was sucked down, swallowed whole and alive into the hill
itself.
There were seconds when Cassie could not act; she fell forward as though drawn by the other’s
momentum. The, as though someone at the other end of herself, that part where her feet disappeared down the
hill, had given a compressing, squashing back into their original form. Cassie hung on, trying to dig her fingers
into the grassy slope, but there was no purchase. The dew-dampened grass came away in her hands. Her nails
dug into the earth, only to be torn away again by the urgent pulling on her ankles.
Cassie woke with a sudden jolt as though falling from a great height. She lay still, trying not to waken
Fergus, then on a sudden impulse, held her hands in front of her face, inspecting them closely. Somehow, she
was not surprised to find still-damp mud caked beneath her fingernails.
2)
Without looking back at the text, say which details of the story you remember most vividly. What
words or expressions can you remember that contributed to the effect of these parts of the story?
3)
Discuss these questions. Read the extract again of necessary.
1
What are the main emotions conveyed by the story? For example: fear, loss, sadness, joy.
3
What type of novel do you think the extract is from?
a) romantic fiction
b) a children’s novel
c) science fiction
d) a ghost story for adults
4
How might the story continue in the next paragraph?
4)
There may be words in the extract that you donÓt know but would like to understand and learn.
1
use context clues to help you work out a synonym or definition for the following words.
1 intangible (para. 1)
(CLUE:
If you can’t see it, so you think you can touch it?
)
2 (force of) will (para. 2)
(CLUE:
Look for another occurrence in paragraph 4.
)
3 to long (para. 4)
(CLUE:
What does paragraph 3 tell you about Cassie’s attitude to the woman?
)
4 to rail (para. 4)
(CLUE:
What does the preposition ‘against’ suggest?
)
5 parody (para. 5)
(CLUE:
Can you hear the woman?
)
6 momentum (para. 6)
(CLUE:
What has happened to the woman that could draw Cassie towards her?
)
2 What other words are new to you/ Can you work out their meaning or do you need to use a
dictionary?
5)
Now answer these questions, which focus on details of the text and use of language.
1 What differences between Cassie’s previous dream and this are indicated in the first two paragraphs?
2 Which two words in paragraph 3 continue the idea of ‘an invisible force’ in paragraph 1?
3 What detail about the woman’s voice in paragraph 4 supports the idea that this is a dream?
4 In paragraph 4, Cassie is aware of two things at the same time. Explain what they are.
5 Why does the writer mention cartoons in paragraph 4?
6 What does ‘it’ refer to in the last sentence of paragraph 4?
7 What is suggested by the verbs ‘sucked down … swallowed’ in paragraph 5?
8 Find three words in paragraph 6 which continue the image of the cartoon-like movements introduced in
paragraph 4.
9 What kind of movement is suggested by the words ‘jerk’ and ‘retracting’ in paragraph 6? What other
words helped you understand their meaning?
10
Do you think Cassie feels shaken by her dream? Why/Why not?
Language Focus: Grammar
Comparisons with
as if/as though
1)
The writer makes a number of comparisons introduced by
as if/as though
to describe the events in
the dream, for example:
2
Who could the woman be? What might she want from Cassie?
•
She allowed herself to drift
as though carried
by some invisible force.
(para.1)
1
How many more examples can you find? Underline them. What is their effect?
2 In the example, the subject and auxiliary verb have been deliberately omitted from the clause.
Can you put them back in? What form will the verb be in? Do the same with the other examples
where subjects and auxiliary verbs have been omitted.
2)
Write a paragraph describing a dream Î it could be one youÓve had, or you could make it up. Your
dream should convey one of the following:
• fear
• loss
• peace
• freedom
Language Focus: Grammar
Verb patterns (-ing and infinitive)
When two verbs follow one another, the second may be an infinitive with
to
, a bare infinitive or and
-
ing
form. Sometimes the first verb can (or must) have an object.
1) How much do you know?
1 Fill in the gaps using the correct form(s) of the verb in brackets. In which sentences are two
alternative forms possible? Does a change of form affect the meaning or not?
1
In her dream, Cassie began ………… the hill. (
climb
)
2
She longed ………… the woman standing at the top. (
touch
)
3
She felt the woman wanted her ………… closer. (
come
)
5
She found herself ………… this strange phenomenon. (
examine
)
6
She tried ………… her fingers into the grassy slope. (
dig
)
7
A slight gasp made her ………… (
turn
)
8
She saw the hill ………… the woman. (
swallow up
)
9
For days afterwards, she kept ………… the dream. (
remember
)
10
She didn’t look forward to the dream ………… (
come back
)
2
Complete the table with examples from sentences 1-10.
Patterns
Examples
• Verb +
to
infinitive
• Verb +
-ing
• Verb +
to
infinitive or
–ing
a) little change in meaning
b) a change in meaning
• Verb + object + bare infinitive
• Verb (+ object) +
to
infinitive
• Verb + object +
to
infinitive
• Verb (+ object or genitive) +
-ing
• Verb + object +
-ing
• Verb + object + bare infinitive or
–ing
: some
change in meaning
She longed to touch (2)
……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
She wanted her to come (3)
……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
Grammar reference pp. 221-222
2) Verb + infinitive
Verbs followed by an infinitive often refer forward to the future. Continuous, passive and perfect forms
of the infinitive are all possible.
4
A part of her mind ordered her ………… tight. (
hold
)
•
He pretended
to be working
.
•
She expects
to be promoted
soon.
•
I hope
to have finished
this by tomorrow
.
Rewrite the following sentences using an appropriate infinitive form.
1
I hope that I will make a million by the time I’m 30.
2
It seems he has put on weight. (He …)
3
She resolved that no-one would ever take advantage of her.
5
It appears that he is living off his inheritance. (He …)
3) Verb +
-ing
form
Verbs followed by an
Îing
form often look back to an earlier action or state. Passive and perfect
Îing
forms are possible. A perfect
Îing
form is used to emphasise that one action happened before
another. It may be replaced by a
that
-clause + perfect tense, e.g.:
•
She denied
having been followed
.
•
She remembered
having had
the dream before.
•
She remembered
that she had had
the dream before.
Rewrite the following sentences using and
Îing
form or
that-
clause. Which sentence canÓt be
rewritten using and
Îing
form without adding and extra word? Why?
1
The man denied having been anywhere near the scene of the crime.
2
I admitted that I had forgotten to lock the door behind me.
3
I often regret not having been made to study history.
4
Did I ever mention that I worked on a ship once upon a time?
5
I remembered that I had seen her at the party the previous weekend.
4) Adding an object
Choose the correct option or options to complete each sentence. More than one is possible.
1
a) to go soon.
b) him to go soon.
c) that he and I will go soon.
d) to have gone by tomorrow.
2
I want
a) to see that film.
b) him to see that film.
c) that I will see that film.
d) that he sees that film.
3
He promised
a) to finish it.
b) me to finish it.
c) me that he would finish it.
d) that his secretary would finish it.
4
The robbers told
a) everyone to lie down.
b) that they would shoot.
c) us that we were hostages.
d) we had to keep quiet.
5
We have applied
a) for her to do the course.
4
They pretended that they had not met before.
6
I remembered that she had been at the party.
I hope
b) for to do the course.
c) to do the course.
d) that she will do the course.
6
a) her to stay in bed.
b) staying in bed.
c) her staying in bed.
d) her that she should stay in bed.
7
We heard
a) the orchestra to play as we arrived.
b) the orchestra playing as we arrived.
c) the orchestra play several new pieces.
d) that the orchestra played several new pieces.
8
I appreciate
a) your inviting me.
b) you inviting me.
c) that you invited me.
d) it that you invited me.
5) Writing:
error correction
Read through the following text, which describes a dream. The writer has made nine mistakes with
verb patterns. Find the mistakes and correct them. In some cases, more than one answer may be
possible.
THE DREAM
Sylvia dreamed she was in a strange house, sitting in a room filled with white furniture. She had never seen the
room before, but it felt familiar. Gregor was next to her, but he didn’t speak. She remembered to have arranged
for him staying in his house while she went away on a long journey. She suggested them looking round the
house, hoping him to like it. He got up, still without speaking, and slowly, hand in hand, they walked down a
long corridor between white walls towards a closed door.
She didn’t want it that he should be unhappy, but she knew that she had to go on the journey. At the
same time she felt guilty – why had she failed informing him earlier that she had to go? Had she intended
deceiving him? But she knew the answer. He would never have let her to leave on her own.
She turned and looked at him, then let go of his hand and left him standing there as she walked on
towards the door. She dreaded to open it, not knowing what would be on the other side. But as she approached,
it slowly swung open by itself.
Exam Focus
Paper 4, Part 2
In Paper 4, Part 2 you have to complete gaps in sentences. You need to listen for specific information
and the speakerÓs stated opinions. You only need to write a word or a very short phrase (2-3 words)
for each answer. The words you need to add must fit the grammar of the sentence and be spelled
correctly. They will be in the Listening text, and you will not need to change their form. However, the
words in the rest of the sentence will probably be different.
1)
Look at the photos. What do you know about the American actor Christopher Reeve?
2)
You will hear an extract from Christopher ReeveÓs autobiography, about a man in a situation
similar to his own. For questions
1-9
, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
Here is a procedure to follow for this task.
•
Before you listen, read through all the sentences.
The doctor advised
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