UNIX for Beginning Users, informatyczne

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UNIX for Beginning Users
Developed by:
User Liaison Section, D-7131
Denver Office
[Name and Phone number deleted at authors
Request]
Revision Date: September 16, 1991
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Audience
This course is for individuals who will be using the UNIX
operating system on a Reclamation computer platform. It is
assumed that the student has a general understanding of data
processing concepts.
B. Course Objectives
Upon successful completion of this course the student will be
able to:
1. Demonstrate a knowledge of basic UNIX ideas.
2. Recognize the different types of files and the file
structure.
3. Log in and out of UNIX using an interactive terminal.
4. Change the password and be aware of other
responsibilities of owning an account.
5. Demonstrate a knowledge of where to get help.
6. Use the appropriate UNIX commands to display/print
files, copy/move files, change file access permissions,
create/delete directories, and change the current
working directory.
7. Transfer a file to another computer platform using File
Transfer Protocol (FTP). Use FTP commands to do the
following: initialize FTP, establish connection, local
computer commands, remote computer commands, close
connection, exit FTP, help command, and special
functions.
8. Use an editor to create files, input text,
insert/replace text, copy/move text, and exit/save
changes.
9. Use the mail utility to send/receive/delete messages
10. Use basic Annex commands to reestablish connection to a
disconnected process.
C. Course Handout Conventions
There are several conventions used in this handout for
consistency and easier interpretation:
1. Samples of actual terminal sessions are single-lined
boxed.
2. User entries are shown in bold print and are
underlined.
QUIT
3. All keyboard functions in the text will be bold.
(Ret)
Backspace
Tab
Ctrl-F6
Print (Shift-F7)
Go to DOS (1)
NOTE:
(Ret) indicates the Return or Enter key
located above the right Shift key.
4. Examples of user entries not showing the computer's
response are in dotted-lined boxes.
5. Command formats are double-lined boxed.
6. Three dots either in vertical or horizontal alignment
mean continuation or that data is missing from the
diagram.
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Multimax, Nanobus, and UMAX are trademarks of
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Encore Computer Corporation
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Annex is a trademark of XYLOGICS, Inc
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UNIX and Teletype are registered trademarks of
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AT&T Bell Laboratories
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Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation
1. BASIC UNIX IDEAS
The UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link
between the computer and the user. The programs that allocate
the system resources and coordinate all the details of the
computer's internals is called the operating system or kernel.
Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the
shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates
commands entered by the user and converts them into a language
that is understood by the kernel.
Here is a basic block diagram of a UNIX system.
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Spread Sheet Compilers
Calculators
The Shell
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Mail and
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<- Message
Inventory
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UNIX system kernel
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Facilities
Control --->
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Systems
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<- Interpreters
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Hardware
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Formatters ->
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<- DBMS
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Calendar
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Word
Systems ---->
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<- Processors
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Editors ---->
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<- FTP
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The designers of UNIX used the following Maxims while writing the
new operating system.
1. Make each program do one thing well. These simple
programs would be called "tools."
2. Expect the output of every program to be the input to
another program.
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3. Don't stop building new "tools" to do a job. The
library of tools should keep increasing.
1.1 The UNIX System
The main concept that unites all versions of UNIX is the
following four basics:
Kernel
The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It schedules
tasks and manages data storage. The user rarely interfaces with
the kernel directly. This is the memory resident portion of the
operating system.
Shell
The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When you
type in a command at your terminal, the shell interprets the
command and calls the program that you want. The shell will
support multiple users, multiple tasks, and multiple interfaces
to itself. The shell uses standard syntax for all commands.
There are two popular shells currently available, the BourneShell
(standard System V UNIX) and the CShell (BSD UNIX). Because
separate users can use different shells at the same time, the
system can appear different to different users. There is another
shell known as the KornShell (named after its designer), which is
popular with programmers. This ability to provide a customized
user interface is one of the most powerful features of UNIX.
Commands and Utilities
Separate utilities can be easily combined to customize function
and output. They are flexible, adaptable, portable, and modular.
They use pipes and filters. There are over 200 standard commands
plus numerous others provided through 3rd party software.
Files and Directories
The directory system supports a multilevel hierarchy. Files and
directories have access protection. Files and directories are
accessed through pathnames. Files support multiple name links.
Removable filesystems are also supported.
1.2 File Structure
All data in UNIX is organized into files. All files are
organized into directories. These directories are organized into
a tree-like structure called the filesystem. The following
diagram describes the top level organization of the UNIX
filesystem:
/
(root)
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bin
dev etc lib tmp usr users
These directories, in turn, are also organized hierarchically.
For example:
/
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dev
etc
usr
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dsk rmt
init.d rc0.d mail
adm
spool
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In this example, dev, etc, usr, and adm are directories.
Directories contain other files or directories. Plain files
contain text or binary data and contain no information about
other files or directories.
Users can make use of this same structure to organize their
files.
For example:
/
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bin
users
dev
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Every file has a name. A filename is composed of one to fourteen
characters. Although you can use almost any character in a
filename, you will avoid confusion if you choose characters from
the following list.
1. upper case letters [A-Z]
2. lower case letters [a-z]
3. numbers [0-9]
4. underscore [_]
5. period [.]
6. comma [,]
The only exception is the root directory, which always uses the
symbol /. No other directory or file can use this symbol.
Like children of one parent, no two files in the same directory
can have the same name. Files in different directories, like
children of different parents, can have the same name.
The filenames you choose should mean something. Too often, a
directory is filled with important files with names like foobar,
wombat, and junk. A meaningless name won't help you recall the
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