UKŁAD SZKIELETOWY, fizjo, angielski medyczny

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The Skeletal System
The skeleton is the bony framework of the body supporting the soft tissues and protecting the
vital organs within the skull, rib cage and pelvis.
The 206 bones that comprise the adult human skeleton are usually divided for the purpose of
study into two parts : the central axial skeleton , consisting of the bones of the skull, rib cage
and the vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton, consisting of the bones of the
shoulders, arms, hips and legs.
The axial skeleton is designed primarily for the support and protection and therefore is quite
rigid although the flexibility of the vertebral column allows it a certain
degree of movement.
The skull is made up of the bones of the cranium and the bones of the facial skeleton.
The cranium containing and protecting the brain consists of 8 bones united by immovable
joints called sutures. The bones of the face include 14 bones of which only the mandible is an
independent and mobile one.
The trunk contains 12 pairs of ribs.
The first seven pairs extend from the vertebral column on the sternum, or breast bone.
The next 3 pairs are attached with cartilage to the sternum and the two pairs of floating ribs
are unattached in front.
Together the ribs form the rib cage.
The vertebral column serving as the main supporting structure is composed of a number of
separate bones, the vertebrae.
The 33 vertebrae can be divided into 5 regions according to where they are found : the 7
cervical vertebrae located in the neck , 12 thoracic vertebrae contained at the back of the chest
, 5 lumbar in the small of the back and five sacral and four coccygeal fused together to form
the sacrum and the coccyx, respectively.
The first two vertebrae are known as the atlas and the axis.
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the extremities , as well as the bones of the
shoulders and hips which attach the bones of the extremities to the axial skeleton.
As shown in the diagram, the shoulder is composed of the clavicle and the scapula.
The clavicle , or collarbone, is a thin bone forming the front os the shoulder.
It is attached medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula.
The scapula , or shoulder blade, is a large flat bone located in the upper part of the back.
The arm contains only one large bone - the humerus.
The forearm is composed of two bones , the radius and the ulna.
Proximally, the radius articulates with the humerus and distally – with two of the carpal bones
of the wrist and the ulna.
The wrist consists of eight carpal bones articulating with the metacarpals of the hand.
The finger bones are known as phalanges.
The pelvic girdle is composed of the two large hip bone forming the sides and front, and the
sacral and coccyheal vertebrae that form the back.
Analogically to the arm, the thigh also contains one bone.
It is the femur, the longest and the heaviest bone of the body.
The leg is composed of two bones, the tibia and fibula.
The bones of the ankle are known as the tarsals.
Five smaller tarsal bones and the five metatarsals from the remainder of the foot.
The toes, like the fingers , are composed of 14 bones referred to as phalanges.
Framework
podstawa, struktura
Support
podtrzymya
ę
1
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Tissues
tkanki
Vital
wa
Ň
ny
Skull
czaszka
Rib
Ň
ebro
Rib cage
klatka piersiowa
Pelvis
miednica
Comprise
tworzy
Adult
dorosły
Divided
podzielony
Purpose
cel
Axial
osiowy
Appendicular
odnosz
Ģ
cy si
ħ
do
Designed
stworzony, zaprojektowany
Primarily
głownie
Therefore
zatem
Quite
sztywny
Although
chocia
Ň
Flexibility
gi
ħ
tki
Movement
ruch
Cranium
czaszka
czaszka
Contain
zawiera
ę
Immovable
nieruchomy
Sutures
szwy
Mandible
Ň
uchwa
Independent
niezale
Ň
ny
Cartilage
chrz
Ģ
stka
Floating
wolne
Serving
słu
Ň
y
ę
pomoc
Ģ
Divided
podzielony
According to
według
Cervical
szyjne
Lumbar
l
ħ
d
Ņ
wiowe
Sacral
krzy
Ň
owe
Coccygeal
guziczne
Fused
ł
Ģ
czy
ę
Respectively
odpowiednio
Vertebrae
kr
ħ
gi
Extermities
wyniszczaj
Ģ
cy
Clavicle=collarbone
obojczyk
Scapulae=shoulder blade
łopatki
Medially
Ļ
rodkowo
Sternum
mostek
2
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Laterally
bocznie
Flat
płaski
Humerus
ko
Ļę
ramienna
Radius
ko
Ļę
promieniowa
Ulna
ko
Ļę
łokciowa
Proximally
bli
Ň
szy
Distally
dalszy
Carpals
nadgarstek
Metacarpals
Ļ
ródr
ħ
cze
Phalanges
paliczki
Femur
ko
Ļę
udowa
Tibia
ko
Ļę
piszczelowa
Fibula
ko
Ļę
strzałkowa
Tarsal
ko
Ļ
ci st
ħ
pu
Metatarsal
Ļ
ródstopie
Remainder
pozostałe
Referred
okre
Ļ
lane jako
Ilium
biodro
Pubis
łono
OTHER
External
-zewn
ħ
trzny
Internal
-wewn
ħ
trzny
Nastril
-nozdrza
Beard
-broda
Belly
-brzuch
Tummy
-brzuszek
Unstep
-podbicie
Forefinger
-palec wskazuj
Ģ
cy
Index finger
- // -
Middle finger
-palec
Ļ
rodkowy
Ring finger
-palec serdeczny
Little finger
-mały palec
Torso
-tors
Back
-plecy
Bust
-biust
Breasts
-piersi
Nipple
-brodawka piersiowa
Buttocks
-po
Ļ
ladki
Bottom
-tyłek
Throat
-gardło
Stomach
-
Ň
oł
Ģ
dek
Vena
-
Ň
yła
Aorta
-t
ħ
tnica
3
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Heart
-serce
Lung
-płuco
Liver
-w
Ģ
troba
Kidney
-nerka
Bowels
-jelita
Appendix
-wyrostek robaczkowy
Bladder
-p
ħ
cherz noczowy
Tonsils
-migdałki
Tongue
-j
ħ
zyk
Passess
-posiada
Bibliografia :
Ewa Donesch-Je
Ň
o -English for Nurses
Ewa Donesch-Je
Ň
o - English for Medical Students
Ewa Donesch-Je
Ň
o -English for medical students and doctors
4
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