US Army MM 2598 course - Identifying Ammunition MM2598, SURVIVAL, Dokumenty inne

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IDENTIFYING AMMUNITION
Subcourse MM 2598
Edition 7
United States Army Combined Arms Support Command
Fort Lee, Virginia 23801-1809
4 Credit Hours
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
IDENTIFICATION OF AMMUNITION (Tasks 093-400-1100 through 093-400-1109), 7
Understanding Means of Identification, 7
Size, 7
Shape and Physical Features, 7
Color Code, 7
Markings, 7
Packing, 8
Type, 8
Identifying Small Arms Ammunition, 8
Size of Small Arms, 9
Types of Small Arms Cartridges, 10
Identifying Artillery Ammunition, 13
Use, 13
Loading Method, 15
Additional Identifying Features, 17
Artillery Ammunition Packing, 19
Identifying Mortar Ammunition, 20
60mm Mortar Ammunition, 20
81mm Mortar Ammunition, 24
4.2-inch (107mm) Mortar Ammunition, 27
Mortar Ammunition Packing, 29
Identifying Rocket Ammunition, 30
Classification of Rocket Ammunition, 30
Types of Rockets, 31
Identifying Hand Grenades, 37
Fragmentation Hand Grenades, 40
Offensive Hand Grenades, 40
Chemical Hand Grenades, 40
Illuminating Hand Grenades, 41
Practice Hand Grenades, 41
Identifying Land Mines, 41
Antipersonnel (apers) Mines, 41
Antitank (at) Mines, 44
Practice Mines, 47
Chemical Land Mines, 47
Identifying Fuzes, 48
Grenades Fuzes, 48
Mine Fuzes, 48
Mortar and Artillery Fuzes, 50
Identifying Small Guided Missiles, 54
Antitank Guided Missiles (ATGM), 54
Air Defense Guided Missiles, 59
Identifying Demolition Materials, 61
Demolition Charges, 62
Priming and Initiating Materials, 66
Demolition Kits, 69
Identifying Pyrotechnics, 71
Illumination Pyrotechnics, 71
Signaling Pyrotechnics, 72
Simulator Pyrotechnics, 75
Review Exercises, 77
EXERCISE SOLUTIONS, 88
MM2598
INTRODUCTION
In the preceding subcourse (MM2597), you learned how to interpret ammunition markings and color codes.
Now suppose, for example, a using unit turns in ammunition that has been removed from its original containers
and there are no markings or the markings have been obliterated. How are you going to determine what the
ammunition is? If the color code paint is still present, you may know that it is high-explosive ammunition; but how
can you tell if it is a mortar round, a rocket, or an artillery projectile?
Positive identification of ammunition is of vital importance to an ammunition specialist. If you issue the wrong
ammunition item or place the wrong types of ammunition together in a storage stack, the results could be
disastrous. This subcourse is designed to teach you methods of quick identification by type and use (by physical
characteristics) of all types of ammunition items.
Tasks.
This subcourse consists of one lesson based on the following tasks from STP 9-55B12-SM:
093-400-1100, Identify Fuzes.
093-400-1101, Identify Artillery Ammunition.
093-400-1102, Identify Mortar Ammunition.
093-400-1103, Identify Small Arms Ammunition.
093-400-1104, Identify Grenades.
093-400-1105, Identify Mines.
093-400-1106, Identify Small Guided Missiles.
093-400-1107, Identify Demolition Material.
093-400-1108, Identify Pyrotechnics.
093-400-1109, Identify Rockets.
Objective.
When you have completed this subcourse, you should be able to identify ammunition items by type
and use.
Conditions.
You will have this subcourse book and will work without supervision. There are no
supplementary requirements in material or personnel for this subcourse.
Standard.
You must score at least 70 on the end-of-subcourse examination (answer 19 of the 25 questions
correctly).
Credit Hours.
Four credit hours will be awarded for the successful completion of this subcourse.
MM2598
IDENTIFICATION OF AMMUNITION
UNDERSTANDING MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION
All ammunition items can be identified by using one or a combination of the following: size, shape and physical
features, color code, markings, packing, and type.
Size
All ammunition that is fired through the bore of a weapon has a specific measurement designating its diameter
size. Measurements used in ammunition include caliber, inches, millimeters, and weight.
Caliber.
An old method of sizing ammunition, the term "caliber" is used to designate size in inches. Caliber .
50, for example, indicates that the ammunition measures approximately .50 inch.
Inches.
Another old method of sizing ammunition-when the diameter is larger than one inch.
Millimeters.
The modern, standardized means of measuring ammunition size. The size previously
designated as caliber .30, for example, is now 7.62 millimeters. There are 25.4 millimeters to an inch, so 7.62
millimeters equals .3085 inch-same as caliber .30.
Weight.
Some ammunition items are designated by weight. For example, demolition explosive charges and
aircraft bombs may vary in size, but their official measurement is designated in pounds.
Shape and Physical Features
Ammunition items that can not be designated effectively by size or weight must be identified by shape and
special identifying characteristics. Examples are land mines, firing devices, and pyrotechnics.
Color Code
Various colors are used when painting ammunition. Specific colors are used to indicate fillers, effects, and
purposes. For example, yellow means high-explosive, and black means armor-defeating. A combination of
several color codes may be used on the same item.
Markings
Most ammunition will have letters and numbers stenciled on the item in the respective color code. Since space
is limited on ammunition items, a system of standard abbreviations and numbering is used.
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MM2598
Packing
Most ammunition items can be identified while still in their containers. Some containers are unique in size and
shape, but all containers bear markings using the standard marking system.
Type
Ammunition items are also categorized and identified by type. All ammunition items in this subcourse fall into
one of the following categories: small arms, artillery, rockets, hand grenades, land mines, fuzes, small guided
missiles, demolitions, and pyrotechnics.
IDENTIFYING SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION
Small arms ammunition is ammunition fired from pistols, revolvers, shotguns, rifles, and machine guns ranging
in size from .22 caliber through 30mm. A complete small arms cartridge, or round, consists of a cartridge case,
the propellant, the primer, and a bullet. See Figure 1.
Cartridge Case.
The cartridge case has three functions: (1) It is the main part of the cartridge, with the primer,
propellant, and bullet assembled into it. (2) It provides a waterproof container to protect the propellant. (3) It
serves as a seal in the weapon by expanding when the weapon is fired, thus preventing gases from escaping to
the rear.
Figure 1. Cross Section of a Typical Small Arms Cartridge.
Propellant.
The propellant in small arms cartridges is low-explosive propellant grains (sometimes mistakenly
called powder). When ignited, the propellant burns, producing rapidly expanding gases. These gases propel the
bullet through the barrel of the weapon at a high rate of speed.
Primer.
The primer is what ignites the propellant. The primer contains a very small amount of sensitive
explosive. It makes a very small explosion to ignite the propellant when hit by the firing pin of the weapon.
Bullet.
The bullet is the part of the cartridge that strikes the target. There are various types of bullets
designed for use on different kinds of targets. Some types of small arms cartridges do not have bullets. The
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