USA History in Brief, historia literatury angielskiej, American Studies

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U.S.A. HISTORy
In BRIEF
The Learner English Series
for students of English as a Second Language
 U.S.A. HISTORy
L
e a r n e r
e
n g L i s h
s
e r i e s
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION PROGRAMS
learnerenglish@state.gov
In BRIEF
U.S.A. History in Brief
Learner English Edition
Published in 2010 by:
Bureau of International Information Programs
United States Department of State
learner_english.html
learnerenglish@state.gov
s t a f f
Coordinator:........................... Daniel Sreebny
Executive Editor: ................... Jonathan Margolis
Publications Ofice Director: . Michael Jay Friedman
Editor in Chief: ....................... Lynne D. Scheib
Managing Editor: ................... Sonya Weakley
Art Director/Design:............... David Hamill
Writer:..................................... Susan Wallach
Photo researcher: .................. Maggie Sliker
The text of this book was adapted from
USA History in Brief,
(GPS Catalog No.
V0441-E; also available in Arabic, No. V0441-A; French, No. V-0441-F; and Spanish,
No. V-0441-S) by Susan Wallach. Ms. Wallach is the author of six young adult books
and has been an editor for thirty years. She is currently working on another young
adult novel.
Front & Back Covers:
Illustration by Min-Chih Yao / photos from: © Robert
Llewellyn (Independence Hall). © AP Images (Mt. Rush-
more; Jackie Robinson; Henry Ford; Golden Gate Bridge;
immigrants; Iwo Jima Memorial). Interior Department/
National Park Service (Liberty Bell). National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) (space shuttle). Mario
Tama/AFP/Getty Images (ireworks). Library of Congress
(Stanton and Anthony; Sitting Bull). © PhotoSpin, Inc.
(Arlington Cemetery; Statue of Liberty). Dick Halstead/
Time Life Pictures/Getty Images (Reagan-Gorbachev).
Painting by Don Troiani,
(American Revolution). © Steve Krongard (children
with computer). Courtesy MTV (MTV screen shot).
Other photo credits:
Credits from left to right are separated by semicolons,
from top to bottom by dashes. Photos are from the Prints
and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, with the fol-
lowing exceptions: Pages iv-v: Illustration by Jane Sterrett/
Images.com. viii: RF/ Getty Images. 2: ©Cartesia with map
overlay by David Hamill 3: © Russ Finley/Finley-Holiday
Films. 4: Mark C. Burnett/Photo Researchers, Inc. (top).
6: © Chuck Place (bottom). 7: © Miles Ertman/Masterile
(top). 9: Courtesy The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,
Phildelphia. Gift of Mrs. Sarah Harrison (The Joseph Harri-
son, Jr. Collection) 11: Bridgeman Art Library/Superstock
(top). 17: Painting by Don Troiani,
18: Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource,
NY. 19: AP Images. 22: National Archives and Records
Administration (NARA). 23: Michael Ventura. 24: © Robert
Llewellyn. 26: AP Images – Interior Department/National
Park Service. 27: AP Images/U.S. Postal Service (top).
34: Courtesy Cincinnati Art Museum (bottom). 43: Culver.
44: Edison Birthday Committee – AP Images. 53: AP
Images. 54: © Bettmann/CORBIS – Hulton Archive/Getty
Images. 55: AP Images/Ford Motor Company. 56: NY
Daily News. 57: AP Images. 58: American History Slide
Collection – Lockheed. 59: NARA. 60: U.S. Army(top).
62: Getty Images/Superstock. 63: © Bettmann/CORBIS.
64: U.S. Army. 66: © Michael Ochs Archives/CORBIS.
68-69: AP Images (3). 70: Culver – Arthur Schatz/Time Life
Pictures/Getty Images. 72: Courtesy Silverstein Properties.
73: AP Images. 74: J. Scott Applewhite/AP Images –
Andrew Parsons/AP Images. 75: Matt Rourke/AP Images.
76: AP Images.
ii
 Foreword
iv
A Pronunciation Guide
for the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Symbols
vi
Introduction
1
Early America
3
By 12,000 years ago, humans lived throughout much
of what is now the Americas.
Colonial Period
9
By 1690, 250,000 people lived in the New World.
By 1790, there were 2.5 million people.
The Road to Independence
13
The ideas of liberalism and democracy are the basis
of the U.S. political system.
Revolution
17
The American Revolution and the war for independence
from Britain began with a small ight between British troops
and colonists on April 19, 1775.
Forming a National Government
23
In 1783, the 13 colonies became the United States.
Early Years, Westward Expansion, and Regional Differences
29
George Washington became the irst president of the
United States on April 30, 1789.
Conlict within the United States
33
In 1850, the United States was a large country, full
of contrasts.
Civil War and Post-War Reconstruction
37
The American Civil War started in April 1861.
Growth and Transformation
43
The United States changed after the Civil War.
Discontent and Reform
49
By 1900, the United States had seen growth, civil war,
economic prosperity, ane economic hard times.
World War I, 1920s Prosperity, and the Great Depression
53
In 1914, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey fought
Britain, France, Italy, and Russia.
The New Deal and World War II
57
President Roosevelt believed that democracy had
failed in other countries because of unemployment
and insecurity.
The Cold War, Korean Conlict, and Vietnam
63
After World War II, the United States and Great Britain
had long-term disagreements with the Soviet Union over
the future of Europe, most of which had been freed from
Nazi rule by their joint effort.
Cultural Change 1950–1980
67
At home, some Americans began to have easier lives.
End of the 20th Century
73
The United States always has been a place where
different ideas and views compete to inluence law
and social change.
Conclusion
77
The United States has dramatically changed from its
beginnings as 13 little-known colonies.
Index
78
iii
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