US ARMY Weapons - Tm 31-210 - Improvised Munitions Handbook - 1, WAR-WOJNA, US ARMY

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IMPROVISED MUNITIONS HANDBOOK
TM 31-210 Department of the army technical manual
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WAR OFFICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CHAPTER I
---------
EXPLOSIVES AND PROPELLANTS (Includind Igniters)
For further information or additional inserts, contact:
Commanding Officer
Frankford Arsenal
ATTN: SMUF A-U3100, Special Products Division
Small Caliber Engineering Directorate
Philadelphia, PA. 19137
Additional inserts will be made available as evaluation tests are completed.
Please notify the above agency of any change of address so that you may receive
them.
INTRODUCTION
1. Purpose and Scope
In Unconventional Warfare operations it may be impossible or unwise to use
conventional military munitions as tools in the conduct of certain missions. it
may be necessary instead to fabricate the required munitions from locally
available or unassuming materials. The purpose of this Manual is to increase
the potential of Special Forces and guerrilla troops by describing in detail
the manufacture of munitions from seemingly innocuous locally available mate-
rials.
Manufactured, precision devices almost always will be more effective, more
reliable, and easier to use than improvised ones, but shelf items will just not
be available for certain operations for security or logistical reasons. There-
fore the operater will have to rely on materials he can buy in a drug or paint
store, find in a junk pile, or scrounge from military stocks. Also, many of the
ingredients and materials used in fabricating homemade items are so commonplace
or innocuous they can be carried without arousing suspicion. The completed item
itself often is more easily concealed or camouflaged. In addition, the field
expedient item can be tailored for the intended target, thereby providing an
advantage over the standard item in flexibility and versatility.
The Manual contains simple explanations and illustrations to permit const-
ruction of the items by personnel not normally familiar with making and hand-
ling munitions. These items were conceived in-house or, obtained from other
publications or personnel engaged in munitions or special warfare work. This
Manual includes methods for fabricating explosives, detonators, propellants,
shaped charges, small arms, mortats, incendiaries, delays, switches, and simi-
lar items from indigenous materials.
2. Safety and Reliability
Each item was evaluated both theoretically and experimentally to assure
safety
and reliability. A large number of items were descarded because of inherent
hazards or unreliable performance. Safety warnings are prominently inserted in
the procedures where they apply but it is emphasized that safety is a matter of
attitude. It is a proven fact that men who are alert, who think out a situa-
tion, and who take correct precautions have fewer accidents than the careless
and indifferent. It is important that work be planned and that instructions be
followed to the letter; all work should be done in a neat and orderly manner.
In the manufacture explosives, detonators, propellants and incendiaries, equip-
ment must be kept clean and such energy concentrations as sparks, friction, im-
pact, hot objects, flame, chemical reactions, and excessive pressure should be
avoided.
These items were found to be effective in most environments; however, samples
should be made and tested remotely prior to actual use of assure proper per-
formance. Chemical items should be used as soon as possible after preparation
and kept free of moisture, dirt, and the above energy concentrations. Special
care should be taken in any attempt at substitution or use of items for pur-
poses other than that specified or intended.
3. UserComments
It is anticipated that this manual will be revised or changed from time to
time. In this way it will be possible to update present material and add new
items as they become available. Users are encouraged to submit recommended
changes or comments to improve this manual. Comments should be keyed to the
specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which changes are recom-
mended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understanding
and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded directly to Commandant,
United States Army, Special Warfare School, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28307
and Commanding Officer, United States Army, Frankford Arsenal, SMUFA-J8000,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19137.
Section I
No. 1
PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE FILLER
A plastic explosive filler can be made from potassium chlorate and petroleum
jelly. This explosive can be detonaed with commercial #8 or military blasting
cap.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: HOW USED:
------------------- ---------
Potassium chlorate Medicine
Manufacture of matches
Petroleum jelly (Vaseline) Medicine
Lubricant
Piece of round stick
Wide bowl or other container
for mixing ingredients.
PROCEDURE:
----------
1. Spread potassium chlorate crystals thinly on a hard surface. Roll the round
stick over crystals to crush into a very fine powder until it looks like face
powder or wheat flour.
2. Place 9 parts powdered potassium chlorate and 1 part petroleum jelly in a
wide bowl or similar container. Mix ingredients with hands (knead) until a uni-
form paste is obtained.
NOTE: Store explosive in a waterproof container until ready to use.
Section I
No. 2
POTASSIUM NITRATE
Potassium nitrate (saltpeter) can be extracted from many natural sources and
can be used to make nitric acid, black powder and many pyrotechnics. The yield
ranges from .1 to 10% by weight, depending on the fertility of the soil.
MATERIALS: SOURCES:
---------- --------
Nitrate bearing earth or other Soil containing old decayed
materials, about 3-1/2 gallons vegetable or animal matter
(13-1/2 liters)
Old cellars and/or farm dirt
floors
Earth from old burial grounds
Decayed stone or mortal build-
ings foundations
Fine wood ashes, about 1/2 cup Totally burned whitish wood
(1/8 liter) ash powder
Bucket or similar container, Totally burned paper (black)
about 5 gallons (19 liters) in
volume (plastic, metal, or
wood)
2 pieces of finely woven cloth,
each slightly larger than bot-
tom of bucket
Shallow pan or dish, at least as
large as bottom of bucket
Shallow heat resistant container
(ceramic, metal, etc.)
Water - 1-1/3 gallons (6-3/4
liters)
Awl, knife, screwdriver, or ot-
her hole producing instrument
Alcohol about 1 gallon (4 lit-
ers) (whiskey, rubbing alcohol,
etc.)
Heat source (fire, electric
heater, etc.)
Paper
Tape
NOTE: Only the rations of the amount of ingredients are important. Thus, for
twice as much potassium nitrate, double quantities used.
PROCEDURE:
----------
1. Punch holes in bottom of bucket. Spread one piece of cloth over holes in-
side of bucket.
2. Place wood ashes on cloth and spread to make a layer about the thickness of
the cloth. Place second piece of cloth on top of ashes.
3. Place dirt in bucket.
4. Place bucket over shallow container. Bucket may be supported on sticks if
necessary.
************
*EEEEEEEEEE*
*EEEEEEEEEE*-----Earth ****
*EEEEEEEEEE* / **
*CCCCCCCCCC*-----Cloth Stick-------*********
*WWWWWWWW*------Wood \ **
*AAAAAAAA*------Ashes ****
*CCCCCCCC*------Cloth
**********
SSSSSSSSSSSSSS--------Stick
**********
**********------Shallow Container
**********
5. Boil water and pour it over earth in bucket a little at a time. Allow
water to run through holes in bucket into shallow container. Be sure water
through all of the earth. Allow drained liquid to cool and settle for 1 to 2
hours.
NOTE: Do not pour all water at once, since this may cause stopage.
6. Carefully drain off liquid into heat resistant container. Discard any
sludge remaining in bottom of the shallow container.
7. Boil mixture over hot fire for at least 2 hours. Small grains of salt will
begin to appear in the solution. Scoop these out as they form, using any type
of improvised strainer (paper, etc.).
8. When liquid has boiled down to approximately half its original volume, re-
move from fire and let sit. After half an hour add an equal volume of alcohol.
When mixture is poured through paper, small white crystals will collect on top
of it.
9. To purify the potassium nitrate, re-desolve the dry crystals in the small-
est possible amount of boiled water. Remove any salt crystals that appear (step
7); pour through an improvised filter made of several pieces of paper and eva-
porate or gently heat the concentrated solution to dryness.
10. Spread crystals on flat surface and allow to dry. The potassium nitrate
crystals are now ready for use.
Section I
No. 3
IMPROVISED BLACK POWDER
Black Powder can be prepered in a simple, safe manner. It may be used as
blasting or gun powder.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
-------------------
Potassium nitrate, granulated, 3 cups (3/4 liter) (see Sect. I, No. 2)
Wood charcoal, powdered, 2 cups (1/2 liter)
Sulfur, powdered, 1/2 cup (1/8 liter)
Alcohol, 5 pints (2-1/2 liters) (whiskey, rubbing alcohol, etc.)
Water, 3 cups (3/4 liter)
Heat source
2 Buckets - each 2 gallon (7-1/2 liters) capacity, at least one of which is
heat resistant (metal, ceramic, etc.)
Flat window screening, at least 1 foot (30 cm) square
Large wooden stick
Cloth, at least 2 feet (60 cm) square
NOTE: The above amounts will yield two pounds (900 grams) of black powder. How-
ever, only the ratios of the amounts of ingredients. Thus, for twice as much
black powder, double all quantities used.
PROCEDURE:
----------
1. Place alcohol in on3e of the buckets.
2. Place potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in the heat resistant bucket.
Add 1 cup water and mix thoroughly with wooden stick until all ingredients are
dissolved.
3. Add remaining water (2 cups) to mixture. Place bucket on heat source and
stir until small bubbles begin to form.
CAUTION: Do not boil mixture. Be sure all mixture stays wet. If any is dry, as
on sides of pan, it may ignite.
4. Remove bucket from heat and pour mixture into alcohol while stirring vigo-
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