US Army - Mountaineering Techniques (Basic), SURVIVAL, Dokumenty inne

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MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES (BASIC)
BILL LYDE GS9/E. LIVINGSTON GS12
SUBCOURSE NO. IN 0486
UNITED STATES ARMY INFANTRY SCHOOL
FORT BENNING, GEORGIA 31905-5593
6 Credit Hours
SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW
This subcourse is designed to teach you the techniques you must know in order to cope
with mountainous terrain. The subcourse contains information on identifying the different
types of terrain; characteristics of weather and climate; acclimatization and conditioning;
and basic mountaineering techniques.
Mountains exist in almost every country in the world. Almost every war has included
some type of mountain operations. This pattern will not change; therefore, you will fight
in mountainous terrain in future conflicts. Mountain operations have not changed, but the
equipment and transportation available today have changed. The helicopter allows access
to terrain that was once unreachable or could be reached only by slow methodical
climbing. If bad weather exists, you must still use mountain climbing techniques to reach
an objective.
There are no prerequisites for this subcourse.
This subcourse reflects the doctrine which was current at the time it was prepared. In your
own work situation, always refer to the latest publications.
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE
TASK: Demonstrate a comprehension and knowledge of terrain, weather, climate,
acclimatization and conditioning, and basic mountaineering techniques.
CONDITIONS: Given the subcourse material, a combat (training) scenario, and extracts,
as applicable, the student will complete the examination at the end of this subcourse.
STANDARDS: The student will successfully answer 70% of the questions on a multiple-
choice based examination for subcourse IN 0486 demonstrating an understanding of
terrain, weather, and climate, acclimatization and conditioning, and basic mountaineering
techniques.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON 1: MOUNTAINEERING CONDITIONS
Part A: Terrain
Part B: Climate
Part C: Acclimatization and Conditioning
Part D: Illness and Injury
Practice Exercise
LESSON 2: MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT
Part A: Climbing Ropes and Types of Knots
Part B: Types of Snaplinks
Part C: Equipment and Maintenance
Part D: Types of Pitons and Piton Hammers
Practice Exercise
LESSON 3: CLIMBING TECHNIQUES
Part A: General Techniques
Part B: Belays
Part C: Rappelling
Practice Exercise
ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS
1. Number of lessons in this subcourse. Three.
2. Supervisory requirements: None.
GRADING AND CERTIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS
Examination: This subcourse has a multiple-choice test covering the material contained in
the three lessons. After studying the lessons and working through the practice exercises,
complete the examination. A score of 70 or above is passing. Six credit hours will be
awarded for successful completion of this examination.
When used in this publication "he," "him," "his," and "men" represent both the masculine
and feminine genders, unless otherwise stated.
LESSON ONE MOUNTAINEERING CONDITIONS
OVERVIEW
TASK DESCRIPTION:
In this lesson, you will learn to identify terrain, climate, weather, and acclimatization and
conditioning.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
TASKS: Understand terrain, climate, weather, and acclimatization and conditioning.
CONDITIONS: Given the subcourse material for this lesson, a training scenario, and
extracts, as applicable, the student will complete the practical exercise to show an
understanding of terrain, climate, weather, and acclimatization and conditioning.
STANDARDS: The student will demonstrate his comprehension and knowledge of the
task by displaying an understanding of terrain, climate, weather, and acclimatization and
conditioning.
REFERENCES: The material contained in this lesson was derived from the following
publication: TC 90-6-1
INTRODUCTION
You Must consider the effects terrain and weather will have on your operations, primarily
the effects on you and your logistics effort. Helicopters are a valuable asset for use in
moving men and supplies, but you should never plan to use them as the only means of
movement and resupply. Alternate methods must be planned due to the variability of
weather. If you are scheduled to deploy to mountainous environments, you should
become self-sufficient and train under various conditions.
PART A - TERRAIN
1. General. Operations in the mountains require you to be physically fit and experienced
in mountain operations. Problems arise in moving men and transporting loads up and
down steep and varied terrain in order to accomplish the mission. Acclimatization,
conditioning, and training are important factors in successful military mountaineering.
Terrain affects the rate at which units can move men and equipment. Mountainous terrain
poses an obstacle to those units not trained for mountain operations. The terrain must be
analyzed in the context of: mountains, roads, and trails, cross-country movement,
mountain hazards, cover and concealment, observation, and fields of fire. Each of these
will be discussed separately.
2. Mountains. Mountains are defined as landforms that rise more than 500 meters above
the surrounding plain and are characterized by steep slopes. Mountains may consist of an
isolated peak, single ridges, glaciers, snowfields, compartments, or complex ranges,
extending for long distances and obstructing movement. Mountains usually favor the
defense, however, attacks can succeed by using detailed planning, rehearsals, surprise,
and well-led troops.
3. Roads and Trails. There are usually few roads in the mountains. Most are easily
defended, since they follow the easiest avenues of travel in the valleys and through
passes. However, trails seldom support vehicular traffic and are observable. Success
depends on a force's ability to control these routes and the peaks surrounding them.
Detailed maps show roads and many of the trails. You may obtain additional information
from terrain analysis, photographic interpretation, and local residents.
4. Cross-Country Movement. You must know the terrain to determine feasible routes for
cross-country movement when there are no roads or trails. The following guidelines are
necessary when you are planning mountain operations.

As part of a preparations intelligence effort, you should include topographic and
photographic map coverage as well as detailed weather data for the area of
operations. When planning mountain operations, it may be necessary to obtain
additional information on size, location, and characteristics of landforms and
drainage, types of rock and soil, and the density and distribution of vegetation.
You must decentralize control to lower levels because of varied terrain, erratic
weather, and communication problems inherent to mountainous regions.
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