US Army - FM 06-22-5 - Combat Stress, US Army-US Marines Field Manuals; NATOPS

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FM 6-22.5
MCRP 6-11C
NTTP 1-15M
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
COMBAT STRESS
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC
RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED.
23 JUNE 2000
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
Headquarters United States Marine Corps
Washington, D.C. 20380-1775
23 June 2000
FOREWORD
1.
PURPOSE
Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 6-11C,
Combat
Stres
s; Navy Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (NTTP)
1-15M,
Commander’s Handbook on Combat Stres
s; and Army
Field Manual (FM) 6-22.5,
Combat Stres
s, provide the tactics,
techniques, and procedures required for small-unit leaders to
effectively prevent, identify, and manage combat stress when it
occurs in their units/commands.
2. SCOPE
This publication contains essential information about combat and
combat-related stress. It describes, in layman’s terms, techniques
to prevent, identify, and treat harmful combat stress reactions at
the lowest level or until professional medical assistance is
available. It provides a basic understanding of the causes of stress
and describes the preventive actions that can be taken to avoid or
reduce its harmful effects. It describes how to identify and
manage combat stress symptoms when they appear, and provides
techniques to prepare units to handle combat stress reactions
when they occur. All small-unit leaders should read this
publication. Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine
gender is used, both men and women are included.
3. SUPERSESSION
FMFM 4-55,
Combat Stres
s, dated 13 April 1992.
FM 22-9, 12 December 1991
PREFACE
Combat Stress
is the mental, emotional or physical tension, strain,
or distress resulting from exposure to combat and combat-related
conditions. Controlling combat stress is a command responsibility.
In terms of Service members lost from action and reduced perfor-
mance, combat stress seriously affects mission accomplishment. It
is a leader's responsibility to take action to strengthen Service mem-
bers’ tolerance to combat stress and manage it in his or her unit.
Combat stress reactions are the result of exposure to the same
conditions during military actions that cause physical injury and
disease in battle or its immediate aftermath, and many combat stress
reactions occur in persons who are also wounded or ill with disease.
Rates of combat stress casualties vary greatly, with higher ratios
during lengthy periods of intense combat. In Okinawa 1945, during
a peak month of battle, the combat stress casualties among Marine
Forces were reported as high as one for every two wounded in
action (WIA). Under less lengthy periods, as suggested by data
acquired from the Israeli Defense Forces fighting in Lebanon 1982,
the ratio of combat stress casualties to WIA in small units can be as
high as one to one. In the past, we have generally suffered as many
as one battle stress casualty for every three to five WIA in heavy
fighting. However, highly trained units with strong leadership and
high esprit de corps have fewer combat stress casualties.
While this manual focuses on combat-induced stress reactions, it is
important to emphasize that “combat stress” is not restricted only to
combat, but may also arise from combat-like conditions present
during military operations other than war. In an area of operations
characterized by continuous action and high danger, our forces may
experience high rates of stress casualties unless small-unit leaders
are trained and prepared to manage stress.
This publication is written to inform small-unit leaders of stress
characteristics and management techniques in order to
prevent,
reduce,
identify,
and
treat
combat stress reactions in the Service
member’s own unit to the maximum extent possible. A signifi-
cant part of training is learning to control and cope with stress.
Leaders must learn to cope with their own stress and then assist
junior personnel in managing their stress. The application of
combat stress management techniques helps conserve fighting
strength and provides one more step toward achieving success.
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