US ARMY close combat self defense, WAR-WOJNA, US ARMY

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MCRP 3-02B
Close Combat
U.S. Marine Corps
12 February 1999
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
Headquarters United States Marine Corps
Washington, D.C. 20380-1775
18 February 1999
FOREWORD
1. PURPOSE
Today’s Marines operate within a continuum of force where conflict may change from
low intensity to high intensity over a matter of hours. Marines are also engaged in
many military operations other than war, such as peacekeeping missions or noncom-
batant evacuation operations, where deadly force may not be authorized. During non-
combative engagements, Marines must determine if a situation warrants applying
deadly force. Sometimes Marines must decide in a matter of seconds because their
lives or the lives of others depend on their actions. To make the right decision,
Marines must understand both the lethal and nonlethal close combat techniques need-
ed to handle the situation responsibly without escalating the violence unnecessarily.
Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-02B,
Close Combat
, provides the tac-
tics, techniques, and procedures of Marine Corps close combat. It also provides the
doctrinal basis for the Marine Corps Close Combat Training Program (MCCCTP).
2. SCOPE
This publication guides individual Marines, unit leaders, and close combat instructors
in the proper tactics, techniques, and procedures for close combat. MCRP 3-02B is
not intended to replace supervision by appropriate unit leaders and close combat in-
struction by qualified instructors. Its role is to ensure standardization and execution of
tactics, techniques, and procedures throughout the Marine Corps.
3. SUPERSESSION
MCRP 3-02B supersedes Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 0-7,
Close Combat
,
dated 9 July 1993. There are significant differences between the two publications.
MCRP 3-02B should be reviewed in its entirety.
4. WARNING
Techniques described in this publication can cause serious injury or death. Practical
application in the training of these techniques will be conducted in strict accordance
with approved Entry Level Close Combat, Close Combat Instructor (CCI), and Close
Combat Instructor Trainer (CCIT) lesson plans. Where serious danger exists, the read-
er is alerted by the following:
WARNING
5. CERTIFICATION
Reviewed and approved this date.
BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS
J. E. RHODES
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat Development Command
DISTRIBUTION: 144 000066 00
OVERVIEW OF CLOSE COMBAT
1. Purpose of Close Combat
one person complies with the demands imposed
by another person. This range of actions is known
as a continuum of force. Continuum of force is the
concept that there is a wide range of possible ac-
tions, ranging from voice commands to applica-
tion of deadly force, that may be used to gain and
maintain control of a potentially dangerous situa-
tion (MCO 5500.6_,
Arming of Security and Law
Enforcement [LE] Personnel and the Use of
Force
). Continuum of force consists of five levels
that correspond to the behavior of the people in-
volved and the actions Marines use to handle the
situation (see the table below). Close combat
techniques are executed in levels three, four, and
five.
Close combat is the physical confrontation be-
tween two or more opponents. It involves armed
and unarmed and lethal and nonlethal fighting
techniques that range from enforced compliance
to deadly force. The purpose of close combat is to
execute armed and unarmed techniques to pro-
duce both lethal and nonlethal results. Unarmed
techniques include hand-to-hand combat and de-
fense against hand-held weapons. Armed tech-
niques include techniques applied with a rifle,
bayonet, knife, baton, or any weapon of opportu-
nity.
2. Continuum of Force
Level One: Compliant (Cooperative)
The subject complies with verbal commands.
Close combat techniques do not apply.
Marines will find themselves in both combative
and noncombative situations. The threat level in
these situations can rise and fall several times
based on the actions of both Marines and the peo-
ple involved. The escalation of force stops when
Level Two: Resistant (Passive)
The subject resists verbal commands but complies
immediately to any contact controls. Close com-
bat techniques do not apply.
Continuum of Force
Level
Description
Actions
1
Compliant (Cooperative)
Verbal commands
2
Resistant (Passive)
Contact controls
3
Resistant (Active)
Compliance techniques
4
Assaultive (Bodily Harm)
Defensive tactics
5
Assaultive (Serious Bodily Harm/
Death)
Deadly force
Note: Shading indicates levels in which Marines use close combat techniques.
vi
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
MCRP 3-02B
Level Three: Resistant (Active)
The subject initially demonstrates physical resis-
tance. Marines use compliance techniques to con-
trol the situation. Level three incorporates close
combat techniques to physically force a subject to
comply. Techniques include—
achieve an effect that is greater than their separate
sum.
Achieving a Decision
Achieving a decision is important in close
combat. An indecisive fight wastes energy and
possibly Marines’ lives. Whether the intent is to
control an opponent through restraint or defend
themselves in war, Marines must have a clear pur-
pose before engaging in close combat and act de-
cisively once engaged.
l
Come-along holds.
l
Soft-handed stunning blows.
l
Pain compliance through joint manipulation
and the use of pressure points.
Level Four: Assaultive (Bodily
Harm)
The subject may physically attack Marines, but he
does not use a weapon. Marines use defensive tac-
tics to neutralize the threat. Defensive tactics in-
clude the following close combat techniques:
Gaining an Advantage
A basic principle of martial arts is to use the op-
ponent’s strength and momentum against him to
gain more leverage than one’s own muscles alone
can generate, thereby gaining an advantage. In
close combat, Marines must exploit every advan-
tage over an opponent to ensure a successful out-
come. This can include employing various
weapons and close combat techniques that will
present a dilemma to an opponent. Achieving sur-
prise can also greatly increase leverage. Marines
try to achieve surprise through deception, stealth,
and ambiguity.
l
Blocks.
l
Strikes.
l
Kicks.
l
Enhanced pain compliance procedures.
l
Nightstick blocks and blows.
Level Five: Assaultive (Serious
Bodily Harm/Death)
The subject usually has a weapon and will either
kill or seriously injure someone if he is not
stopped immediately and brought under control.
Typically, to control the subject, Marines apply
deadly force through the use of a firearm, but they
may also use armed and unarmed close combat
techniques.
Speed
Marines use speed to gain the initiative and ad-
vantage over the enemy. In close combat, the
speed and violence of the attack against an oppo-
nent provides Marines with a distinct advantage.
Marines must know and understand the basics of
close combat so they can act instinctively with
speed to execute close combat techniques.
3. Marine Corps Tactical
Concepts
Adapting
Close combat can be characterized by friction, un-
certainty, disorder, and rapid change. Each situa-
tion is a unique combination of shifting factors
that cannot be controlled with precision or cer-
tainty. For example, a crowd control mission may
call for Marines to employ various techniques
ranging from nonlethal restraint to more forceful
applications. Marines who adapt quickly will
have a significant advantage.
Close combat techniques support the following
key Marine Corps tactical concepts. The concepts
are not standalone ideas but are to be combined to
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